Analyzing The Industry Forces That Affect Competition And...

INDUSTRY FORCES One way to determine the profitability of a firm is to analyze the industry forces that affect competition and drive profits down. Michael porter proposes a framework to analyze the level of competition within an industry; according to porter these forces directly influence the system profitability. The stronger the forces are the less profitable the firm becomes. The forces are defined to be strength of competition, barriers of entry, the power of buyers, power of suppliers, and the substitute products. In the other hand, complementors, cooperation with buyers and suppliers, and coordination among competitors will be the forces that drive the firm profits up. This framework will be followed through to perform the analysis of Whole Foods Market firm, to determine the firm’s profitability and future returns for the long-term investor. The first step in the Porter’s framework is to define the industry boundaries to which the forces affect the firm. Whole food market is d efined to be in the grocery industry by its technological similarity and the market interdependence, it can be inferred that the firm falls in the grocery business targeting the consumer interested in healthy organic products. Whole Foods Market strives to distinguish themselves among competitors by offering high quality organic products, with good customer service and introducing proprietary brands that offer a higher profit margin and quality to the consumer. In an industry that faces highShow MoreRelatedThe Framework Developed By Michael Porter999 Words   |  4 PagesThe Five Forces Model The framework developed by Michael Porter, which identify and analyze the competitive landscape in an industry that impacted by five forces. These forces are the existing competition in the industry, threat of new entrants, the power of suppliers, the power of buyers, and the threat of substitutes. 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Physical/Environmental Factors IDENTIFICATION OF INDUSTRIES OPPORTUNITIES AND THREAT pg. 7 a) A Model For Industry Analysis- Porter’s Five Forces b) Rivalry c) Threat Of Substitutes d) Buyer Power e) Supplier Power f) Barriers to Entry / Threat of Entry g) Generic Strategies To Counter The Five Forces INTERNAL ANALYSIS pg. 13 a) SWOT Analysis Read MoreMktg522 Marketing Plan3311 Words   |  14 PagesUniversity MKTG522 Situation analysis When it comes to marketing the idea of a drive through grocery store there are several advantages and disadvantages to look at. This would include the current idea through company such as The Tesco concept store which is currently a drive through concept established in Baldock, Hertfordshire. The concept used is similar to the idea of my store but does not offer the complete idea of a grocery

Knowledge and Power Free Essays

Knowledge is power – or is it?   The assertion that knowledge is power has been variously attributed to Sir Francis Bacon and Albert Einstein, as well as many other notable and obscure figures.   But perhaps Eudora Welty, Flannery O’Connor, and Richard Wright all know otherwise, as demonstrated in their respective stories:   â€Å"The Worn Path,† â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard To Find,† and â€Å"The Man Who Was Almost A Man.† These stories each show that knowledge is not an absolute bestower of power; that power does not logically and necessarily follow once one possesses knowledge. We will write a custom essay sample on Knowledge and Power or any similar topic only for you Order Now    Neither are the terms knowledge and power mutually exclusive, but, as can be seen in the following analysis of the short stories mentioned above, the power resulting from knowledge only comes if the person possessing the knowledge knows how to use it, and if the person then also feels powerful.   The power gained from knowledge is not an absolute power, but is, to a certain extent, subjective. Let us first look at Phoenix Jackson, the central character in Eudora Welty’s â€Å"A Worn Path† and perhaps the most powerful character in any of the three stories.     Phoenix has gained knowledge, and therefore power, from years of quietly studying human behavior, from paying close attention to her surroundings, and from her own self-awareness of how she affects others in the world.   Phoenix Jackson might appear at first glance to be lacking any power: she is an elderly, frail-looking woman whose eyesight is failing. Phoenix is also a very poor woman with few valuable possessions; poor people in her position are virtually always seen as lacking power.   However, upon closer observation the reader can see that Phoenix is a very powerful woman indeed.   Phoenix uses her knowledge of her physical surroundings to enable her to move about in a rather dangerous world, full of obstacles both animate and inanimate.   On her journey into town Phoenix encounters many potential dangers, but because she is knowledgeable about their existence, she avoids harm.   This capacity to keep herself safe is one trait which makes her a powerful woman. Phoenix even appears to use visualization to help her get across the creek; her ability to visualize the log and her safe passage is another form of knowledge which makes her powerful.   Phoenix has â€Å"body knowledge† – she has developed the capacity to remember where her body should go, even as her eyesight fails her.   The reason this body knowledge makes Phoenix powerful is that she is conscious of the knowledge and of how to use it; for example, when Phoenix reaches the city and â€Å"depended on her feet to know where to take her.† (Welty, p. 5).   Later in the story we see Phoenix walking up the steps of her destination, â€Å"until her feet knew to stop.† (Welty, p. 6) Phoenix Jackson has also gained power during her long life with her knowledge about human behavior.   Phoenix knows how to use both her own self as well as others’ reactions for her own purposes.   Phoenix is seen manipulating the white hunter so that she can put his fallen money into her own pocket.   Phoenix knows, after only a very brief encounter, that the hunter’s ego can be easily manipulated for her own purposes.   The hunter wishes to appear strong and in control, which Phoenix knows as she reminds the hunter that she needs to be â€Å"rescued† from the cur which ahs knocked her over.   Phoenix is able to pocket the money while the hunter is occupied with ridding her of the dog. One cannot manipulate others without possessing some sort of power, and powerful Phoenix is seen manipulating others at least twice more as the story proceeds.  Ã‚   Phoenix knows, almost instinctively it seems, who she can stop on the street to ask for assistance with her shoes.   But this small gesture is full of knowledge; Phoenix could have stopped any number of people on the busy street, but consciously chose to stop a certain woman.   Perhaps Phoenix knew that this particular woman would be more inclined to help her, as she appears to be a â€Å"nice lady† (Welty, p. 6) full of Christmas spirit, heavy as her arms are with presents. Phoenix again uses her knowledge about human behavior in order to manipulate the attendant at the clinic, who feels compelled to give a pitiful old woman some money.   It is not clear whether Phoenix is manipulating the nurse in order to get medication for herself or whether she does indeed have a grandson waiting at home, but the nurse is manipulated by Phoenix nevertheless, as she uses her age as an excuse for memory loss. The grandmother in Flannery O’ Connor’s short story, â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard To Find,† is not so self-aware as Phoenix and it is her failure to use her knowledge powerfully which gets her killed in the end.   The grandmother does indeed have knowledge but somehow is unable to use it to her advantage. It is an interesting side-note that the grandmother, the mother, and Red Sam’s wife are the only characters in O’Connor’s story who are not given names; even the cat has a name.   Perhaps O’Connor used this as a subtle indicator of who did and did not have power.   Indeed, neither the grandmother nor the mother appear to be very powerful characters in this story; and Red Sam’s wife, though not a central character, is portrayed as simply chattel for her husband, who orders her around and treats her dismissively. John Wesley’s and June Star’s grandmother knows from her years on earth that a good man is indeed hard to find; she knows that truly trustworthy people are rare treasures among the human race.   The grandmother’s discussion with Red Sam shows us that she is aware of just how devious people can be.   The grandmother knows that people are inherently untrustworthy. However, the grandmother’s knowledge does not then result in her having power, for she does not use the knowledge correctly.   The grandmother gave up the potential power of her knowledge when she revealed what she knew during the encounter with the Misfit.  Ã‚   When the grandmother recognized the Misfit, she could have used this knowledge to protect her family. Perhaps Eudora Welty’s Phoenix Jackson would have used the grandmother’s knowledge in some cunning way to manipulate the Misfit.   But O’Connor’s grandmother is not as powerful as Welty’s character, simply because she fails to cultivate her knowledge into a powerful tool.   The grandmother was knowledgeable but still powerless to save her own and her family’s lives. The third character who shows us that knowledge is not necessarily power is Dave, in Richard Wright’s â€Å"The Man Who Was Almost a Man.†Ã‚   Dave shows us that the power from knowledge is partially subjective and not an indisputable fact.   The reader sees very quickly that Dave feels â€Å"small,† not only in his physical stature but in his standing among his peers in the community.   This feeling of smallness is what makes Dave feel virtually powerless. Dave appears to have very limited knowledge of human behavior and of himself as a developing man.  Ã‚   Fear is a large factor in Dave’s twisted perception of what will give him power.   Dave is scared of other boys who are all bigger than him; he has also been raised to be scared of the adults in his life.   This fear has given Dave the â€Å"knowledge† that, if one is feared, one has power.   Of course this knowledge is flawed. But Dave’s knowledge is not a mature, conscious knowledge; it is a knowledge born of his own very limited backwoods experience in the world.   Dave sees that, if he can scare others as others have scared him, he will become a powerful man.   Once Dave has knowledge of how a gun makes him feel, he thinks he has discovered an important part of becoming a man.   Perhaps the most important discovery made by Dave is that his actions have consequences; once Dave kills the mule, he sees that something he has done has made a difference, albeit a negative difference, but a difference in the world all the same. Although Dave’s knowledge has the potential to give him power, it is not well developed and is based in fear.   Therefore his knowledge may make him an even less powerful person.   Dave does not know how to use his new-found knowledge.   Instead of making him a powerful person, his knowledge may be turning him into a dangerous person as the flawed knowledge becomes more entrenched into his personality. Knowledge is power†¦.the central characters in the stories analyzed above each show us, in their own way, that this statement is very over-simplified and not necessarily true.   Power can indeed come from having knowledge.   But that knowledge must be carefully cultivated and used appropriately in order to then provide power.   And there are occasions when we can have knowledge but lack the awareness to use that knowledge to our advantage, or power. Last, if we have knowledge but lack the conviction that we have power to use our knowledge in useful ways, we are still left as powerless as if we did not have the knowledge at all.   So power resulting from knowledge must also include self-awareness, awareness of others, and the ability to adapt our knowledge to particular situations.   Only then can we say that knowledge is power. How to cite Knowledge and Power, Essay examples Knowledge and Power Free Essays â€Å"Scientia Potentia Est†, a famous aphorism that is otherwise translated as â€Å"For also Knowledge itself is Power†, was conceptualized during the late 16th century by the world-renowned Philosopher and Statesman of that time, Sir Francis Bacon. Indeed, Sir Bacon developed an understanding of the idea that by accumulating knowledge, one is able to exert, impose or influence power (as can be inferred) towards another. For instance, a person who has accumulated knowledge can withhold himself or herself from sharing this knowledge to others. We will write a custom essay sample on Knowledge and Power or any similar topic only for you Order Now Thus, a sort of personal advantage develops between those who have knowledge and those who want knowledge. The former, if desired, can ultimately influence the actions of the latter if the existing desire for knowledge is used against them. Otherwise, the same result could also be inferred from the opposite: once knowledge is shared by the person who has accumulated them, power is reflected in the sense that the person who has shared it had the privilege of sharing it. Such an example only perpetuates the idea of ambiguity of the concept of power. Indeed, power, in all its forms and contexts, is a concept that has been contested my many scholars and philosophers alike for decades, even centuries. Some relate power in the form of having the ability of exercising coercion. Others relate the concept with the possession of material wealth. Still further, others profess that power is somehow related to social class. Unfortunately, these credible attempts at establishing links to the concept of power only express supplementary ambiguity to the term. For example, even though power can be somehow related to the ability of using force (coercion), the term can also be associated with the ability of persuasion – a rather mild version of quasi-coercion that does not involve the usage of force.   The same thing goes with the idea of power as equaled to the possession of material wealth and as represented by social class. Contrary to the latter statement, intangible or incorporeal wealth can also be associated with power as a substitute for material wealth. Also, behind social class lie the idea of power as related to personal or group charisma and expertise. In other words, a person belonging to the highest social class in society cannot be more powerful over those that are below his social class if those individuals under his class are more charismatic and more adequate and excellent in terms of abilities and skills. Having identified the cumbersome and volatile nature of power, is it still plausible to conclude that knowledge is indeed power? Is there a relevant connection between the two concepts? If none, can a relevant connection be established; no matter how arguable or refutable? Basically, does the possession of knowledge represent the possession of power? To answer this question, let us first understand how scholars and philosophers of the past have identified and/or defined power during their time. The great 19th century philosopher, Sir Friedrich Nietzsche, often described the concept of power as something that expresses one’s domination over other human beings. If so, then knowledge could indeed be a source of power since the ignorance of knowledge denotes inferiority in logical thinking and skillful know-how; thus, disavowing the ability or opportunity of the individual to dominate others who do possess knowledge. However, another dilemma may arise from the latter statement. If knowledge is truly a source of power, how come individuals who do possess knowledge are not powerful? The answer, of course, is that knowledge in itself is not power. In order for knowledge to become a source of power, the individual must be able to aptly apply or exercise his or her knowledge in the form of actions for the purposes of achieving or producing results. As some scholars have put it, â€Å"knowledge is power only if one knows how to use it†.   Truly, if one individual possesses a myriad amount of knowledge but does not know how to translate it into action, then power is not represented. This concept, however, does not stray away from the concept of knowledge as a source of power nor does it emanate from the idea of action as a source of power rather than the mere possession of knowledge. It must be understood that actions are determined by the individual’s mind. If a certain amount of knowledge is absent within the individual’s cognitive processes then the action executed may not produce tremendous results that are reflective of the representation of power. However, if knowledge is indeed present, chances are that actions executed may produce excellent results that would be quite superior to actions that are conducted without knowledge. Simply said, actions augmented by knowledge reflect power on the part of the individual (superiority). In order to make the preceding points more plausible, let us try establishing the concept in a certain field or study. In this instance, let us put the concept of power as knowledge into the workplace – in this case a corporation. Most corporations possess similar theories of organization ranging from the classical theory of organization to the more systematic (systems) theory of organization. And with these models comes a set of different levels, styles or concepts of hierarchy and/or bureaucracy (formal and informal, orthodox or unorthodox). In other words, corporations always try to establish a â€Å"division of power† among its leaders and workers. Now, let us try to apply the concept of knowledge as power in a leader-worker relationship. Leaders of corporations, in all intents and purposes, are the decision-makers of the entire system. Workers, on the other hand, have more of a hands-on approach compared to their respective leaders. As far as the relationship goes, it is the leader who will decide how the workers will act. Now, the question is, is this a simple form of exercising power? Is the authority of the leader over the workers a concrete example of power in the form of knowledge? The answer, of course, is no; it is not a simple form of power illuminated by knowledge – at least not completely. One possible reason why this is so is because the relationship between the two actors reflect two issues as can be inferred from the general concept of power. First, the source of power as reflected from the leader can mostly likely be originating from his or her given authority. In other words, it is the granted authority of the corporation that is providing the leader his or her own personal power and not his or her own possession of knowledge. Second, the worker cannot be subject to inferiority since the worker is aware that his or her job is to simply follow orders. For power to be present, one must be able to persuade or force an individual to do what he or she wishes. Otherwise, if the worker decides not to follow the orders of the leader, then it can be inferred that the worker is expressing power over the leader (charisma or personal ability). But that is another issue. If so, how is knowledge as a source of power reflected in a leader-worker relationship? One possible explanation could be found from the personal histories of both actors. Respective or high positions in most corporations require excellent abilities or practical know-how. As such, no normal individual can just apply or be promoted to such a position if the individual does not possess the necessary skills or abilities that the position requires. Simply said, leaders are on their respective positions simply because they possess the required skills and as a result, are thoroughly capable of fulfilling its functions. Workers, on the other hand, may not possess these prerequisites or capabilities. However, this does not imply that workers are not knowledgeable. This merely implies that workers are yet on the verge of acquiring or developing the necessary knowledge for fulfilling the functions that are required by the position. And where can a worker acquire this necessary knowledge? The answer, definitely, is quite reflective of the answer to the whole problem of where can the idea of knowledge as power be inferred from a leader-worker relationship – from the leader. Indeed, if a worker wishes to achieve the same position as that of his or her own leader, then that worker must first develop knowledge based from his or her work and eventually acquire knowledge from his or her own leader. If recognized (or desired), the leader who possesses the knowledge that is required by the worker can now express or exercise power over the worker in the sense that the leader now has the choice of whether or not to impart his or her own knowledge to the worker. Going back to the previous points, if an individual withholds his or her own knowledge from sharing it to others, then power is gained in the form of an advantage; thus, producing a sense of superiority. As one head of a corporation has put it, â€Å"Knowledge is power and you do not share power.† The worker, however, can try to acquire knowledge of the same context from others and that action might change the idea of power in a leader-worker relationship. However, it is very unlikely that this is to happen for if the worker decides to gather power outside of his or her own corporation that knowledge may well be different from what the corporation may require or need. As mentioned earlier, power is a concept that has been contested my many scholars and philosophers alike for centuries. To suddenly come up with a personal explanation of power in the form of the possession of knowledge is something not new in the world of power.  As demonstrated, power is a really ambiguous term, let alone be defined in terms of knowledge. However, one cannot deny the fact that knowledge is indeed a source of power; for if knowledge is absent, one will not be able to exercise the myriad forms of power over others. In conclusion, if knowledge (in any form) is present within an individual and that that individual’s counterpart possesses a certain amount of ignorance of over the same type of knowledge, then the former is most likely to be more powerful over the latter. Simply put, the possession of knowledge is superiority over those who do not possess knowledge. Works Cited: Caruso, Denise. â€Å"Knowledge is Power only if you know how to use it.† March 2007 The New York Times 21 November 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/11/business/yourmoney/11frame.html?_r=1oref=slogin Wimmer, Sandra. â€Å"For Illinois Agency, Knowledge is Power – and Promise.† August 2005 Government Procurement 21 November 2007, http://www.allbusiness.com/government/government-procurement/1162860-1.html Lloyd, Bruce. â€Å"The Paradox of Power.† May 1996 The Futurist 21 November 2007, http://www.allbusiness.com/human-resources/employee-development-leadership/553463-1.html Grant, Beau. â€Å"Knowledge is POWER.† October 2005 Government Procurement 21 November 2007, http://www.allbusiness.com/management/928236-1.html How to cite Knowledge and Power, Essay examples

Case Study on Commercial Law

Question: Mark, Peter and Mary were out on a Saturday night celebrating the successful formation of a new business venture. They went to a special restaurant up in the hills, Hilltop Point, to mark this occasion. After a great night of eating and drinking, they decided to continue their party at Watchout Point, a scenic hilltop spot with a spectacular view of the city. On their way, they stopped at a bottle shop to buy 2 bottles of premium French champagne. When they reached Watchout Point, they parked the car at the car park which was located at the top of the cliff. There was a 2 meter fence to prevent people from going beyond that point as it was not far away from the cliff edge. There were no warning signs but the cliff was very visible. Anyone can very clearly see the cliffs. In fact, the cliff was part of this beautiful scenery which attracted visitors. At first, the trio sat in the car and chatted and drank champagne. As the night progressed Peter, who had too much to drink, got out of the car and dared the others to climb over the fence and walk to the edge of the cliff. While the others were reluctant, Peter climbed over the fence and walked to the edge of the cliff. He lost his balance and fell off the cliff and broke his leg. Peter wishes to sue the Willow Council who is responsible for Watchout Point. What must Peter do to establish a breach of duty by Willow Council? Is Peter likely to succeed in establishing such a breach? Give reasons for your answer. The champagne bottle that the trio purchased had a very special kind of cap. Instead of the usual cork held in place by wire, it had a metal cap and a cork stopper. Mark opened the cap and tried to pour the champagne into a glass. When nothing came out he shook the bottle a little. The cork stopper suddenly ejected and hit Marks nose. He sustained a blood nose and was in pain for 3 weeks. There wasnt any warning anywhere in the bottle about this kind of cap. This sort of cap is very common in France and used by most French wineries. Mark wishes to sue the wine company. Will he succeed? What must he establish? Answer: Issue: The issue that is present in this can be described as being related with the reliability of Willow Council towards John as he suffered injuries after falling off from the edge of the Watchout Point, where they were celebrating their new business venture. As a result, it needs to be decided if Willow Council can be held liable under the law of negligence. Similarly, it also needs to be considered if reasonable steps have not been taken by the Willow Council which could have prevented the people from filing off. Therefore the question is if there is a duty of care on part of the Willow Council towards John. At the same time, another issue is also present in this case which deals with the liability of champagne manufacturer. In this case, the cork stopper hit Mark as he was trying to open the bottle because the bottle had somewhat different type of a cap. Rule: Duty of Care: According to the rule of law that can be applied in the present case, for the purpose of deciding the issue related with Willow Council's liability towards John, it needs to be seen if a duty of care is owed by the Council and if such duty has been breached. At the same time, the law requires that the injuries suffered by John should be the result of such breach of duty and at the same time, the injuries should be the reasonable result of the action or inaction on part of the Council. Generally in this type of cases, the doctrine of duty of care is used to claim compensation. According to the doctrine of duty of care, a party is considered as being liable towards the other party for tort of negligence. In this regard, Lord Atkins provided the neighborhood principle in the famous case of Donoghue v Stevenson. In this case, it was stated by the court that reasonable care needs to be taken by a party and avoid the acts or omissions if it is likely that the neighbor of the party may suffer injury as a result of such acts or omissions (Keenan, 2007). In such cases, an effort is made by the court to consider if reasonable proximity is present between the parties. In the same way, the court is also required to consider it the damage that has been suffered by the other party as a result of the act or omission could have been reasonably foreseen. At the same time, the court also has to consider if such a risk was foreseeable by any other reasonable person under similar circumstances. In the same way, it also needs to be seen if it would be reasonable for the court to impose a duty of care on the defendant in a particular case. The duty of care is a concept that has been discussed in detail by the court in Blyth v Birmingham Waterworks Co.In this case, the court stated that it is required that negligence on the part of the defendant should be decided by using the standard of reasonable person. Therefore it means that the defendant cannot be considered as negligent if all reasonable precautions have been taken by the defendant and as a result, the conduct of the defendant is in accordance with the standard of care that would have been followed under similar circumstances by any reasonable person. Test Used to Decide Duty of Care Caparo Industries v Dickman is also a significant case in which the court has provided the tests that can be used to decide the duty of care of the defendant. This test provides that in order to see if the defendant owes a duty of care or not, it needs to be seen if the loss or the injury suffered by the claimant could have been the result of defendant's conduct which was reasonably foreseeable. In the same way, it also needs to be considered if there is a relationship of sufficient proximity present between the parties or in other words, the parties can be considered as neighbors. Another requirement that was mentioned by the court in this case is to see if it will be just and fair to impose liability on the defendant, keeping in mind the circumstances of a particular case. In this regard, the law provides that generally it can be said that a party does not owe a duty of care towards the other party if it had taken reasonable steps with a view to prevent or reduce the harm that the other party may suffer by such conduct. On the other hand, even if a dangerous situation has been created by a person blamelessly, according to the duty of care, such person should take steps be reviewed to ensure that loss or injury is not caused to other persons. An example in this regard can be given of a person who has left his car on the road and has also put the lights of the car off. According to the duty of care present on part of such person, even if there was light on the road, the person owes a duty towards the other persons and drivers present on the road. As a result, if in this case, a car collides with the stationary car, it is possible that the person who has left the car on the road can also be held liable jointly. In this regard, the law also provides that i n case of certain circumstances, it is also possible that a person can be liable for the breach of duty of care in case of pure omissions also (Sappideen et al., 2009). In this regard, the law provides that in case there is a previous relationship present between the parties, a person can be considered as liable for the breach of duty of care. In the same way, such a relationship may also be imposed by a statute. Liability of Manufacturer Regarding the second issue that is present in this case, in Donoghue v Stevenson the Court has stated that tort of negligence has to be considered as an individual tort. The law provides that the plaintiff can take civil action if he or she has suffered loss or injury as a result of the negligence on part of the defendant. However before the decision given by the court in Donoghue v Stevenson, the plaintiff had to establish the presence of a contractual agreement for the purpose of establishing negligence. However in this case, the plaintiff had not purchased the drink and as a result, the contractual relationship was not present between the plaintiff and the defendant. However the court held that the manufacturer of the drink was liable under the thought of negligence. In this way, the law provides that the manufacturers have a duty of care towards the ultimate consumers also. The neighborhood principle that has been provided by Lord Atkins in this case requires that a neighbor can be a person who can be affected directly by the act or omission of the other party. As a result, the other party has to take reasonable care with a view to avoid the acts and omissions that can reasonably be considered as likely to cause injury to the neighbor. Application In the present case, two bottles of champagne were consumed by Peter, Mark and Mary in order to celebrate their new business venture. However, after drinking champagne, Peter got out of the car and also asked others to go towards the edge of the cliff. However, Mark and Mary did not follow him but Peter lost balance and fell from the edge. As a result, he broke his leg. In this case, a two meter high fence has been erected by the Willow Council so that the people can be prevented from going near the edge. But in this regard, it also needs to be noted that the council has not raised any warning signs at this point despite the fact that a large number of people came to the place in order to see its scenic beauty and this fact was well within the knowledge of the Council. On the other hand, so far as the liability of champagne manufacturer is concerned, the law requires that the duty to warn the consumers should be reasonably discharged by the manufacturers. In the present case, the ultimate consumers should have been informed that the bottle contains a special type of a cap and injury may be suffered by a person if the cap is not properly opened. In this regard it needs to be noted that in the present case, there was no warning on the champagne bottle regarding the cap. As a result, while trying to open the bottle, Mark suffered an injury when he was hit by the cork stopper. Conclusion Therefore in the present case it can be said that Willow Council has discharged its duty of care towards Peter and as a result, the Council cannot be considered as liable. The reason is that all the reasonable precautions have been taken by the Council as the Council was well aware that the place was visited by a large number of people due to its scenic beauty. Regarding the second issue that is present in this case, dealing with the liability of champagne manufacturer, it can be said that the manufacturer has breached its duty of care because there was no warning on the bottle regarding the fact that it contained a special type of a cap and if it is not handled properly, a person may suffer injuries. Therefore, Mark can succeed in his action against the wine company. References Keenan (2007) Smith Keenan's English Law (15th edn), Pearson Longman Sappideen, Vines, Grant Watson, 2009, Torts: Commentary and Materials, Lawbook Co, 10th ed, pp. 374-5 Blyth v Birmingham Waterworks Co (1856) 11 Ex 781 Caparo Industries Plc v. Dickman (1990) 2 AC 605 Donoghue v Stevenson (1932) AC 562 Greatlakes Shire Council v. Dederer Anor [2006] NSWCA 101 Wyong Shire Council V. Shirt [1980] HCA 12; 146 CLR 40

Worn Path By Welty Essays (814 words) - A Worn Path

Worn Path By Welty ?A Worn Path? by Eudora Welty, is the tale of the unstoppable love and care of a grandmother for her grandchild. It tells a story of sheer determination as Phoenix Jackson makes a long journey into town to get medicine for her chronically ill grandson. She strives forward despite frequent obstacles in her way that include her own failing health and the grandchild's slim chance of survival. Phoenix Jackson is ?an old Negro woman? who continues forward over barriers that would not even be considered a hindrance for the young. This is a journey, which she has taken before, and now "the time come around? she must travel it again. She begins her journey to town on ?a bright frozen day in the early morning? in December. Phoenix Jackson is ?very old and small ?, and walks like the ?pendulum in a grandfather clock? ever so carefully with her ?thin, small cane made from an umbrella.? The description of Phoenix Jackson at the beginning of this story gives the reader a glimpse of how difficult this trip is going to be for an elderly woman such as her. The description ?Her eyes were blue with age. Her skin has a pattern all its own of numberless branching wrinkles? are indications of Phoenix Jackson's old age. She supports herself with a cane, striving not to fall with every step she takes. She wears a ?dress reaching down to her shoe tops? along with ?an equally long apron of bleached sugar sacks, with a full pocket.? This just adds to her difficulties. As she begins her journey, she talks to herself and warns "Out of my way, all you foxes, owls, beetles, jack rabbits, coons and wild animals!?Keep out from under these feet, little bob-whites?, because as she says, "I got a long way.? She is determined to go down that path despite anything that might come between her and getting the medicine for her grandson. This shows that her body may be worn out, but the attitude that she takes and desire that she has in order to get the medicine for her grandson are not. In addition, her shoelaces ?which dragged from her unlaced shoes? adds to the chance of her falling on the path. First, she has to face an uphill climb. Then, she goes downhill but soon finds herself tangled with a bush, and she does not want to rip her dress. She talks to the bush stating "Thorns, you doing your appointed work. Never want to let folks pass, no sir. Old eyes thought you was a pretty little green bush" However, she manages to free herself from the thorn bush. In addition, she faces a barbed-wire fence, which is not easy for anyone, but she gets through, again telling herself that ?she could not pay for having her arm or her leg sawed off.? At one point, she is startled by a stray dog and falls into a ditch. Eventually, a hunter and his dog happen upon her and pull her out of the ditch. He also tries to prevent her from finishing her journey. He tells her that she is too old, and even tries to scare her with his gun. At that point the man says, "you must be a hundred years old, and scared of nothing...you take my advice and stay home, and nothing will happen to you.? Not even these words from the hunter could make Phoenix give up, always getting herself out of a predicament, and having her grandson as a reason to keep going. Walking across a log with her eyes closed is another daring thing she attempts. After safely crossing she says "I wasn't as old as I thought.? She sits down to rest ?when a little boy brought her a plate with a slice of marble-cake on it.? When old Phoenix reaches ?to take it there was just her own hand in the air,? and nothing else around. Throughout the story, she exhibits signs of senility and delusions including her meeting of a scarecrow which she initially thinks is a man. When Phoenix reaches her destination, the reason for her mission is given. When she enters "the big building", evidently a medical facility, she doesn't speak and appears disoriented. A nurse recognizes her and inquires about her grandson who swallowed lye two to three years ago. She asks ?He isn't dead, is he Phoenix responds with, "No missy, he not dead, he just the same.? She tells the nurse ?he

Systems and Operations Management

Systems and Operations Management Executive Summary The vital improvements in companies have been the change of roles of operations managers who have become innovators of systems and continuous developers of the daily running of the systems of the company. Companies have realized that to have a competitive edge the operations systems, development of capabilities is key to their success.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Systems and Operations Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Increasing the reliance of their systems is solely the focus of their marketing and delivery of services and products. (Slack et al, 2010). Therefore, improvement of their information systems enhances the effectiveness of their operations thereby giving them the capacity to satisfy their customers who in turn continue to buy their products. Improving new processes of technology brings in new methods of controlling the market thus the companies are also able to manag e their internal affairs and management of operations. It is in these new developments that the company is able to deeply delve into the knowledge that allows operations to adapt flexibly in reaching out effectively to their customers (Bic Alan, 2003). Therefore, internal auditing of their running is everyday managed properly in a more advanced way by information systems. Recent management trends of information systems points out that technological change has become a vital means towards company managing resources and facilities. This is true in the sense that many companies have been forced to adapt to the new system technology to earn a position in the competitive world (Stallings, 2008). As the companies expand in various ways, they realize that they need to adapt to their growing need to become more effective in their operations. This therefore, has led to many companies introducing systems that make them practice best management methods in their production and delivery of thei r services (Checkland, 1999). However the increasing importance of information systems among companies has highlighted the current demand for an increased need to be flexible and to adapt to various methods of management.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This has brought about the effective means to production and service delivery as a way to respond to the growing demand in the market. This involves having a broad based information system that allows the flow of data in the company to allow efficient running of their systems and production efficiency. This paper thus explores approaches used by the company to address this trend and also how it has adapted to the new changes in their use of the information technology. It reviews how the suggestion of introducing this new system to the company is improving its operations in accomplishing its market goal and targ et market. The paper also proposes some recommendations after the analysis. Building from this, it proposes some principles for the regular development of information systems and points out the path to model the progress in an adaptable and flexible way. Introduction Atokowa being a major influence in the market of stationery and office supplies give them an advantage among other businesses and organizations. This is due to the fact they deliver their products directly to their customers and in addition, own various retails outlets. The business idea came from an Australian called Lachlan who started his own photocopying business when he purchased a machine thereby printing various jobs for the company (Adler, 1992). This in history was the first photocopying machine where his work extended immensely in Australia. In the process, he started other outlets extending the small enterprise to a big business. The business had a reputation of giving high quality services therefore it conti nued to grow immensely. This led the owner to develop a vision that his would be the only business that would offer stationery and office supplies and thus expanded his spectrum to other cities in which he stocked his premises with all sorts of stationery and office materials. In the later years, the owner retired and passed on his business to his son who changed the vision to focus on technology and started selling various computers of the time (Laudon, Kenneth Jane, 2009). This selling of items integrated or involved the use of information technology leading to more expansion to other cities and hence the son followed the footsteps of his father.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Systems and Operations Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The method will give the staff an opportunity to understand the role of systems and operations management and its integration into efficient and effective running of b usiness. It took a practical approach which will give the staff a good understanding of better business practice within the global organization. The soft systems approach of the company’s systems development was be used to analyze and define business requirements. People and management issues will be reviewed with emphasis on communication, teamwork and effective leadership. Quality management and business excellence focusing on customer relations will be considered. The staff will develop an understanding of analysis process and its improvement to reflect on business process in introducing the information system using rules and analysis to examine costs, allocation of resources, and efficiency related to the delivery of goods and services. The method will consider the impact of operations systems and management in the wider social-economic environment. The skills in operations management therefore become an important requirement of employers in many areas of business. Develo pments of operation systems therefore become practical as employees learn and employ professional skills which in turn maximize profit. In systems operation management, the directors of businesses have to be knowledgeable and understanding to the role of strategies in integrating this in their businesses and in examining the quality involved in managing their business and products. In addition, the practical aspects of their skills are challenged by the intellect transferring this role into their management and operation systems. Thus in this, Laudon and Laudon (2011) highlight that retailers’ understanding of growth in productions is as a result of using proper ways of keeping their data and knowing what needs to be implemented in the shortest time possible. This is made possible by introducing systems that allow flexibility in their access to the customers and making sure they satisfy them. In using a good information system, the company will avoid lagging behind in their a im to deliver as much efficiently as possible thus making sure the needs of the clients are taken care of.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In order to do this, the company has to progressively track its transactions and analyze its efficiency by properly following up their daily interactions with those they serve. The company plans to contract with as many as possible of their customers in developing their continuous influence through information systems. This will keep them on the market as the customers rely more on their systems thus permanently gaining the trust thus continue being long-term clients (Adler, 1992). To remain competitive in the market, the company has to review its products with the changing needs of the clients and use their adaptive nature to inform their market of the various developments of their products. Thus in using quality control tools, the need for product development will be realized. In conclusion, the company’s operation process has to take root in the human resource to transform the entire operations department (Jacobs and Chase, 2011). This will lead to questioning the entire o peration systems in determining when and how to operate and who to manage in these circumstances. How was this analysis undertaken? The analysis was done in a manner that reviewed the company’s foundation and how it grew to expand in many other cities which operated independently without major supervision. This led to the elder son to appoint other people to help him run the company. In the five stages, each manager ran the business separately and thereby reporting whatever was happening to the main branch. In the process of running the outlets in this manner, it was deemed as difficult because it involved the employees counting every stock in the end of the day. It was then that one of the managers thought and suggested for the implementation of integrating electronic points of sale system thereby making the company stock be tracked by a bar code. Thus by this suggestion, the owner asked the person who suggested his ability to manage the design and implement the Microsoft Ac cess database whose operation’s success was based mainly on its simplicity. In its application, each outlet became equipped with standard Window’s computers which were connected over a simple local area network. The structure of the following report is one that focused on the organisation which questioned the effectiveness of the system introduced for their daily accounting and stock taking. Thus, the report looks at the information system and how it led to solving the cumbersome tedious process of taking their stocks every day. It also recommends the action that looks at the solution to their business expansion. The company therefore used the following: Analysis of Current Systems and Operations In analyzing the current system, we look at all the transactions that go all the way until the processing stage. Here, the product is usually scanned into the data bases which are summed and payment is taken. After the payment, each product sold is to be written in the transac tion table of the database and whenever any transaction in the outlets was done, this was recorded in a different table thereby helping the manager to know and maintain the stock efficiently. In the latter process of stock taking, the manager was unsure of what really had taken place because he only had to trust that his co-managers would give an account of their daily sales or he would personally supervise by travelling to the various outlets which is inefficient and takes much valuable time. But with the new system, the manager had access to the daily running of the business and would follow each transaction to their designated customer. By doing this, the manager could make any changes or suggestions that he saw fit to increase the efficiency of his business if he predicted that certain outlets needed more stock or they were overstocked. This is a very effective way of management because time which is essential is used wisely and the business is run in a coordinated manner unlike before. In overseeing the stocks in the warehouse, the manager would be able to audit unusual requests thereby avoiding theft and errors in that if the warehouse had items ready for sale; they would authorize the selling at that point without sending it to the particular outlet thus reducing time and increasing efficiency and accountability. Structured analysis The company came up with a structured method to analyze it systems which one of the managers saw as the right way of solving the problem of taking stocks. This was possible because he was having the know- how of how to handle information systems and understood its mechanisms. He therefore, used simple technical techniques which could be understood by all the people who would use the new systems. Use of experienced staff and inexperienced staff By asking the right question to solve a problem, the structured method did not isolate the experienced staff from the inexperienced ones, but rather made sure everyone in the company h ad the opportunity to learn and be able to use the new that was system introduced. This was done by using the experienced staff to guide the ones who were lagging behind. Improving the control and planning of the company The approach used to introduce and implement the new system was made more effective by dividing the company into stages in that the introduction and implementing of the new system was introduced in stages thus giving all major outlets time to sieve in their data and be able to connect with the central management point. The quality of the system The quality and effectiveness of the system was determined by ensuring that the structured method was also flexible to suit the various states according to their operation. This was done by reviewing the daily use of the system as the members participated in the change of how things were to be run. Thereafter the system was developed in another level allowing progress of effectiveness thus meeting the user’s requiremen t when it was operational. Business system designed This proved to bring out the required factors that would broaden the specifics of the stages of analysis. In this part various solutions are evaluated on the basis of meeting the required expectations from the suggestions of a technical professional like the one who saw the need for pushing for changes in the company. The evaluator has to understand the business therein making specific recommendations of what is best to deal with the problem and offer a solution. Physical design The theoretical design has to be transformed or converted to the actual practical sense in dealing with the problem. In the case of the company discussed, one member came up with the idea which led overall manager to accompany him and thus appoint him as the one to manage and maintain the data system. This involved specifications of duties and tasks needed to make sure that the new system kicked off. Transition In moving from one point to the next, planning is needed before implementation. This will mean that the company had to move from the old systems to the new ones. This isn’t an easy task as all required personnel have to come to the understanding that the system being introduced was known and explained to everyone; otherwise the company would go backwards and regress. Therefore installations of nearly all major equipments had to be taken into consideration and also the training of those who are going to use the equipments has to be budgeted and put into consideration. In doing this, the implementation stage has to come in when all participants are in tune to start using the new system. Evaluating the system In the process of use, the system has to be review and maintained through the phases of implementation. This is because the system has to be developed every now and then in order to improve its performance and usage among both the clients and employees (Silberschatz et al, 2008). Conclusion In many organizations, infor mation systems have been realised to be effective means to success of the businesses. In realising this, many businesses have invested broadly in strategic planning in using systems that would develop their businesses as they expand. This is often as a result of analysing the present position of the company by observing and listening to the users of their products and also their employees. It is therefore prudent to have the following analysis before introducing any new system. Feasibility study This helps in deciding whether the company is able to technically have a new system that would be introduced in their running of their daily businesses (Silberschatz et al, 2008). Thus considering their financial and social justification is vital to understanding whether the organization will be resistive or accepting to the new system. Systems analysis In analysing the present ways of running the company, we note that the current one is to be analysed in detail to determine the extent to wh ich the new system needs preparation or resources. Therefore, system analysis has to provide the environment in which the results of the company’s research have adopted the recording and analysing position. Computer based production planning and control systems Computer based control systems allowed the company to handle various difficult factors that cropped up in their daily transactions. Therefore in using the computer based system in their running of the business, the production advanced thus reduced inefficiency resulting from human error. In overall with proper management, theses parts of the system became productive thereby making the business more profitable and a leading entity. In using computer based analysis, the company became more flexible and wholly integrated in their operations. O’Brien (1999) says that in doing this the business has more control to increase their production sector with a well structured system that predicts their success. Thus in comb ining all these systems the staff became very much aware of how information systems can be integrate production and databases which all have to be functional and assist in proper coordinated systems. In accomplishing this, the level of responding to the customer’s needs became highly competitive and flexible. This highlights the important role of computer technology and information systems’ operations (AdlerWinograd,1992). Recommendations The following are some suggestion of how to improve the operation system of the company. Operational Data Store analysis This as viewed by Auslander (2011) will maintain a larger data on the systems thus accommodating access to information and allowing effectiveness of viewing various transactions in their daily stock taking. This therefore when reviewed will serve as a data store allowing the manager to view all that was takes place in the various outlets thereby improving daily operations. Initial State Service This mechanism is bas ed on the customer or client being able to get and view information of products available and update them on the development of the company products (Pant Hsu, 1999). In employing this type of system, the client would be able to access information and orders from various points and the results would register in the main system thus making the manager assess the demand of particular products and services. In integrating computer based control and operating systems in manufacturing and production, increased delivery and success will be observed.This is deemed to bring in a competitive advantage to the company because it will enhance faster means to reaching the clients and also increased production and sales. Therefore, when properly organized, the system would offer designs and productions that will be automatic and thereafter, able to be traced when transactions takes place. In applying technology based systems, the company will be able to specifically meet the individual needs of their customer’s thus increasing demand and credibility. This in return will allow flexibility and will increase the quality and efficiency thus making the company earns the reputation it deserves. In conclusion, many of the operation systems within and without are to be tracked often for effectiveness. Thus in being more flexible, the process of change will introduce better effective systems enhances growth and efficiency of the company. This will look at the factors that lead to growth and the means with which to continue developing the process of growth. By doing this, the company will consider various aspects that invites them to take on technology for the betterment of their operation systems. Therefore operation systems need to be reviewed regularly to ensure that the company benefits. References Adler, P Winograd A1992, The Usability Challenge. Usability: Turning Technologies into Tools, Oxford University press, New York. Adler, P 1992, Technology and the Future of Wo rk, Oxford University Press, New York. Auslander et al 1981, The evolution of the MVS Operating System, IBM, New York. Bic, F Alan C 2003, Operating Systems, Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Checkland, P1999, Systems thinking, systems practice: with a 30-year retrospective, John Wiley, Chichester. Deitel, H et al. Operating Systems. Pearson/Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Jacobs, R Chase, B 2011, Operations and supply chain management, (13th ed.), McGraw-Hill/Irwin, New York. Laudon,KLaudon,J2011,ManagementInformationSystems, Prentice Hall/CourseSmart, New Jersey. Laudon, C Laudon, P 2009, Management Information Systems: Managing the Digital Firm, Prentice Hall/CourseSmart, New Jersey. O’Brien, J 1999, Management Information Systems – Managing Information Technology in the Internetworked Enterprise, Irwin McGraw-Hill, Boston. Pant, S Hsu, C 1995, Strategic Information Systems Planning: A Review, Information Resources Management Association International Conference, May 21â€⠀œ24. Silberschatz et al 2008, Operating Systems Concepts, John Wiley Sons, New York. Stallings, W 2008, Computer Organization Architecture, Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi.

25 Eponyms as Literary Wordplay

25 Eponyms as Literary Wordplay 25 Eponyms as Literary Wordplay 25 Eponyms as Literary Wordplay By Daniel Scocco Several DailyWritingTips.com posts have focused on, for example, phenomena and ideas named after people, and concepts or objects identified by the names of historical figures. This entry specifically suggests mythological, literary, and historical eponyms that may inspire you to employ such terms in fiction writing as cloaked allusions to characters or things. Think of these examples and others as akin to puns: A law firm named Bowler, Derby, Fedora, Stetson, and Trilby. (Maybe these will be names of characters in the upcoming film version of Lidsville, the early- ’70s Saturday-morning TV show about a land of sentient hats.) A star-crossed couple named Jeremiah, namesake of a pessimistic prophet from the Bible, and Cassandra, named after the Trojan woman blessed with the gift of prophecy but fated never to be believed. A maid named Abigail. (In Victorian England, house servants were routinely stripped of their birth names and assigned ones considered more pleasant for their employers to utter, and Abigail was a common moniker for a housemaid.) A vigilant or nosy neighbor named Argus, the name of the many-eyed monster of Greek mythology. A heavily burdened character named Atlas, after the Titan in Greek mythology charged with holding up the heavens. A place called the Augean Stables, named after the fabled stables of Augeas, the cleaning of which constituted one of the legendary twelve labors of Hercules. A spy’s contact code-named Baedeker, after the name of the popular guidebook series, or Cicerone, after a word for a sightseeing guide (in turn named after the Roman orator and statesman Cicero). A loud woman who’s always letting off steam named Calliope, after the strident steam-whistle instrument named in honor of the Greek muse of epic poetry. A tormented woman named Catherine Wheeler, named after the Catherine wheel, a rotating fireworks wheel in turn inspired by a Catholic saint tortured on a wheel. An elusive woman named Fata Morgana (or, more subtly, Morgan Fate), after the mirage phenomenon named for the Italian translation of the name of Arthurian sorceress Morgan le Fay (â€Å"fairy,† or â€Å"magician†). An extremely attractive person named Mickey Finn, after a slang term for a drugged drink. (The active ingredient is sometimes called â€Å"knockout drops.†) A ruminative character named Fletcher, after the health food faddist notorious for prescribing a quantifiable amount of chewing while eating. An energizing character named Galvani, after the scientist who studied the stimulating effects of electricity. A hapless company called Gordian Inc., named for the knot that could not be untied. (Alexander the Great reportedly solved the problem by severing the knot with his sword.) An unhelpful character named Hobson, after the stable owner who hired out any horse a customer wanted, as long as the one selected was next in line to be used (hence the oxymoronic expression â€Å"Hobson’s choice†). An arbiter named Hoyle, after the eponymous author of rules for card games (hence the nearly extinct expression â€Å"according to Hoyle†). A race car driver or reckless motorist named Jehu (after the biblical king of that name notorious for his wild charioteering). A drink named the Molotov cocktail, after the nickname for the bomb made from a bottle filled with inflammable liquid and ignited with a wick. (The bomb is in turn named after a Russian Communist politician.) An impostor named Pinchbeck, after the watchmaker whose created an inexpensive alloy resembling gold. Hundreds of eponyms are available for enlivening satirical or otherwise humorous prose. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Has vs. Had15 Great Word GamesHow to Punctuate Introductory Phrases

Module 5, 6 and 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Module 5, 6 and 7 - Essay Example The three aspects of consultancy that a consultant should be able to differentiate are intercultural, transnational or transnational and multicultural environments of consultancy. Intercultural consulting is where interactions occur across borders of two or more cultures, for example when an individual from a particular country goes to work in another country. It is important to identify the cultural patterns that distinguish national cultures or particular regions. These patterns may be found in proverbs and story lines that appear repeatedly in the literature, art and films of certain cultural societies. The idea is to learn as much as one can about that society. This will promote an understanding between the consultant and the individuals of the society they will be working in. it will also facilitate proper communication since the consultant will be knowledgeable about the things they should and should not do or say. The second type of environment is the transnational or transcultural consulting. This is whereby an individual or organization can identify with more than one nation or culture. This is good for the business as they can refer to a variety of cultures, languages and experiences as they carry out their work. Such individuals can also work as a bridge connecting particular cultures and languages which work in favor of the business. There is really not much difference between the transcultural and the multicultural as multicultural consulting refers to many different ethnicities, cultures and nationalities existing within the same organization. All of these will enable the business acquire more reliable information from experts who have had different experiences. Another factor that will favor the business is if the consultant has the necessary skills of inquiry. These skills are crucial to the business as they enable the consultant learn about the organization and

IRAQ Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

IRAQ - Essay Example It has a  span  of 437,072 km2. The Northern part is mountainous with the highest point being Cheekah Dar, which is 3,611m. Idaho is half its’ size. The capital city of Iraq is Baghdad other cities include; Mosul,  Basrah, Kirkuk,  Erbil  and  Sulaymaniyah.  Iraq’s  terrain  is characterised  by  broad  plains, reedy marshes in the south and mountainous  landscape  in the north.  It  ismostly  dry  and  hot  since it is a desert. The Iraq’s total population as at April 2009  was estimated  to be 31.2 million. According to Central Intelligence Agency, 75% of the Iraq population comprises of Arabs. This  is followed  by Kurds who are 15-20%, and while others include only 5% (Cotter, 2011). Iraq has a federal government that defined by the constitution as Islamic, federal, democratic, and  parliamentary  and republic (Cotter, 2011). This government has three branches, the executive, judiciary and legislature. The government has  many  independent  commissions. There are areas in Iraq that has governorates apart from the federal government. Some districts have jurisdiction regarding some  lawful  matters. The governorates in Iraq are eighteen and  are divided  into districts. Iraqi Kurdistan is a  region  that  is legally defined  having quasi-official militia and its own government. In 2005, Iraq passed a new constitution by 78% majority voting in favour of it. The new constitution got greatest  support  from Shia and Kurdish communities (Cotter, 2011). Oil is the greatest contributor to Iraq’s economy. It provides most of the foreign exchange earnings to Iraq. The economy of Iraq suffered  extensive  losses due to the war and lost close to US$100 billion. After the war, oil exports have tremendously increased new pipelines  were constructed, and damaged facilities restored. Low oil prices, costs of construction and war debts repayments made Iraq suffer  immense  financial crisis (Tripp, 2007). Iraq got a debt relief that was to be

Pump Definition Essay Example for Free

Pump Definition Essay A pump is a mechanical device used to transport liquids or gases from one location of lower pressure to another location of higher pressure. Energy is added to the entire system in order to overcome the difference in pressure. Mechanical forces are present in the functioning of pumps as the liquid or gas being transported is either lifted physically or moved through compression forces. Gas pumps most often use compression forces and are usually called compressors except in cases wherein fans or blowers are utilized.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are many types of pumps and the very first pump dates back to the 7th century B.C. as described by Archimedes. This pump, the Archimedes screw, was utilized in the water systems of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. Al-Jazari (1973) was one of the most popular people in the world of pumps as he illustrated and described many different types of pumps such as the reciprocating pump, the double-action pump with pipes for suctioning, the water pump, and the piston pump.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Today, pumps are usually categorized into two different divisions: positive displacement pumps and rotodynamic pumps. These categories are descriptive of how these pumps work. Positive displacement pumps trap the substance to be transporated in one location called the inlet pressur section and then force it to be displaced to the discharge pipe. Subcategories of positive displacement pumps include the rotary pumps, the metering pumps, and the reciprocating pumps. Rotodynamic pumps, on the other hand, utilize bladed impellers whose rotation within the fluid creates a tangential acceleration of the fluid which in turn creates an energy increase that supports the transport of the substance. Rotodynamic pumps are subcategorized as kinetic pumps and centrifugal pumps. Other special types of pumps include jet pumps, viscous drag pumps, double volute pumps, chopper pumps, rotating casing pumps, recessed impeller pumps, self-priming pumps, slurry pumps, and sludge pumps. (Chaurette, 2004)   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From left to right: double volute pump design, typical jet pump, venture action of a jet pump (Source: Chaurette, 2004)             In the processing industry, pumps have many different applications. The pumps in processing industries are used to transport the raw materials from one location to another. This may involve the transport of ink, pigment, and paint in chemical processing. In the sugar processing industry, pumps are utilized in material transfer from the raw juice, to the cush-cush, to the lime slurry aspects of processing and even more. Pumps are also used in livestock processing as evidenced by its use in feed distribution.   In agricultural processing, pumps are most often the key machines involved in the transport of water. This is very similar to the use of the first noted pump for the water systems of Babylon. These not only include distribution of water in the system but also the elimination of wastewater from the system. This links with another application of pumps, sewage management as seen in the pumps application for grit removal, waste-activated sludge removal and the like. The ideal feature that pumps provide processing industries is the option of bulk transfer. This speeds up the processing time and allows for a more cost-efficient system. Over-all the simple physical mechanics of a pump have been utilized to create numerous types and designs that have been able to improve the operation of the processing industry. Pumps are now an essential part of processing. Soon, new innovations in pump design will surface as a result of the processing industries demand for higher efficiency. References Al-Jazari, I. (1973). The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices  : Kità ¡b fà ­ marifat al-hiyal al-handasiyya, translated by P. Hill. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company Chaurette, J. (2004). Specialty Pumps. Fluide Design Inc. Retrieved 25 March 2008 from www.fluidedesign.com

Guidelines on Termination Letters :: essays papers

Guidelines on Termination Letters Termination Letters A type of â€Å"bad news message† which informs an employee that he is going to be terminated from his current job or position because of a particular reason. Reasons for Terminating an Employee:  · Poor performance of the employee  · Insubordination  · End of Project  · Financial Crisis in the Company  · Closure of Department or Division Do’s 1. Warn the employee beforehand – Make sure that the employee was given a warning that he may be terminated because of : his bad performance; or the financial condition of the company that may lead to the termination or lay-offs of its employees; closure of the department, etc. 2. Explain clearly and completely the reason for the termination - Be sure to state clearly why he is being terminated. –For example, a) because of bad conduct. (Give the specific incident, its witnesses on the particular incident/s. b) financial problems (Tell them straight to the pint that the company is experiencing that problem). The words you use should be clear and understandable, not too broad like the words â€Å"difficult†, etc. 3. Make comments that will retain goodwill – Writer should not write harsh words like â€Å"lazy†, just rephrase or use another better term for it. Remember that the employee should leave the relationship between the terminated employee and the firm as favorable as possible. 4. End with an encouraging note – Don’t dishearten the employee. Don’t state in the letter that because of his bad performance for example, he will have a hard time getting a job. 5. Make suggestion in finding a job, if possible – Suggest companies where he can apply for a job. This is also to encourage the reader of the letter. Don’ts (Avoid) 1. Don’t mislead the reader – Don’t mislead the reader into thinking that the letter

Children’s Functional Health Pattern Assessment Essay

List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group. List two potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group. If a toddler is sick they will say they are sick. Health management is dependent on the parent. Washing hands and brushing their teeth are basic activities that a toddler can perform with the parents giving instruction. Preschoolers care curious of their bodies and its functions. They can also verbalize pain.At this age they are aware of their own body functions and when they are ailing. They also have an abstract understanding of what health and factors causing illness. If the parent lacks knowledge of health issues this could be a safety issue for the toddler. Neglecting teaching the toddler how to brush teeth, cavities develop. Anxiety can occur on the surrounding the body and the fear of mutilation and death concerns. Preschoolers are also at risk for diseases if they are vaccinated or they are behind on their immunizations. Poor hygiene and may not show interest in their appearance. Depending on the beliefs of the parents the child may develop cavities, develop illnesses due to not immunizing the child. Nutritional-Metabolic Pattern: List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group. List two potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group.Can eat with their hands, often can use a spoon and drink from a cup. Are usually weaned from the breast or bottle to a cup or Sippy cup. They are capable of washing their own fruits/vegetables once instructed by the parent. Are at risk in developing allergies, if they haven’t developed earlier. They understand the differences between healthy and unhealthy foods, and will likely eat healthy unless the parent lets them eat they want. 1200 to 1800 calories per day is the recommended for school age children. Difficulty swallowing. At risk for cavities if the parents give the child a bottle of milk of juice at bedtime.May be obese or under weight Eat a lot of junk food when allowed by the parent/caregiverDepending on their culture and the access to the different types of food. They may not have access to healthy foods. If their families are busy and don’t have time to cook they will either skip a meal or get fast food, which can place them from the fatty contents into obesity. Pattern of Elimination: List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group. List two potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group.Ready for potty training Parents need to watch for sign of potty training i.e.: grabbing at their crotch or squatting down as if to go to the bathroomMost preschoolers have become independent with toileting. Are capable of hygiene after toileting, doesn’t mean they clean themselves completely.Most have complete control of their bowel and bladder, can dress and undress themselves. Their bowel and bladder patterns are almost as that of an adult. Hard to potty train, parents can get frustrated. Toddler can fail potty training if parent or parents become upset every time the toddler has an accidentSome are not independent with toileting, which can cause others to tease them. Forget to do proper hygiene after going to the toilet or forget to wash their hands, flush toilet.5-7 million in the U.S. have problems with bedwetting and stool incontinence. Able to complain if having problems with urination or with bowel movements. Pattern of Activity and Exercise: List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group. List two potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group.Most toddlers are very active Able to run, climb and start training to learn to ride a tricycle, and roller skating. Playing is their primary focus. Can easily be separated from the parent for periods of time.Physical activity is important for health promotion. Can help prevent obesity. Changes in motor skill increases their strength, balance and coordination. Toddlers are very curious which could cause injury to child, especially if there is a chemical just left around for them to get into, such as alcohol, anti-freeze etc. Leads to poisoning if ingested. If left for a second outside by a swimming pool the toddler may think they can swim, instead they drown. Are place at times in front of the TV to keep them quiet. Can lead to not having an interest in learning just wanting to watch TV. Expresses anger while playing could lead in time to other issues. (Pent up anger can lead to bullying, being mean to animals etc.)Parents allowing child to watch TV or play video games instead of interacting with them. Can lead them to become obese due to immobility and increased snacking due to boredom. Some children are pressured both physically and psychologically into playing sports. Cognitive/Perceptual Pattern: List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group. List two potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group.Can learn and interpret objects and events to what the objects are used for or how they play with them. Able to recognize some objects by name. Able to interact with others their age. Play is more to what they see in life i.e. watched snow white and starts enacting part. Constantly questions. Starting with the Why? (I call it the Why stage)Understands others feeling. Have basic understanding of morality and ethics. (What is right and wrong). At risk for developmental problems ( if a child is an only child and doesn’t interact with other children) Some develop slower than others Can have problems forming complete sentences, which causes problems of being understood. Has imaginary friends, that they blame for their bad behavior5 to 10 percent of school age children have a learning disorder, due to either speech impediment, difficulty reading or writing. If problems aren’t identified early can cause learning problems. Pattern of Sleep and Rest: List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group. List two potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group.Require 12 hours of sleep with naps during the day. Needs to have a night time routine such as baths before bed, and assigned time for bed. Requires 8 to 12 hours of sleep, less nap time or decreased nap time at this age. Needs a nightly routine, such as bath, reading a book, alone time to unwind and fall asleep.Requires 8 to 12 hours sleep. Don’t need nap times. Easily falls asleep If over tired can cause the toddler not to be able to relax and fall asleep. Which can cause them to be less active the next day If they have nightmares don’t wake them just soothe them back to sleep. Some have difficulty falling asleep or stays up late and has difficulty the following day with concentration and easily falls asleep during the day. Have increased nightmares or are scared of the dark which keeps them from falling asleep. A night light can help alleviate the problem. Some can develop sleep disturbances such as sleep walking/talking or bed wetting. Are at risk for injuries due to sleep walking. Pattern of Self-Perception and Self-Concept: List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group. List two potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group.Can walk, feed themselves, answer simple questions and  follow directions and respond to their name. In order to learn autonomy they need to become more dependent of themselves instead of others. Continue to develop their sense of self through task-oriented and social experiences. Begin to have their own clothing style and prefer to dress themselves.Are immersed in the process of self-discovery. Exploring and grow through physiological growth cognitive and social development. Has and increasing desire for competitiveness and desires to master whatever they are doing. Potential for conflict between toddler and toddler’s need for more autonomy and parental expectations and safety limits, especially if the parents don’t understand the need for autonomy. If unable to perform tasks or contribute to the family, they may develop guilt and feelings of inadequacy. Can become sensitive to criticism by othersPeers of the same age can affect the child’s feelings of self-worth and sense of belonging in a negative way resulting in a low self-esteem. Those with chronic illnesses or disabilities worry about their peer relationships. Role-Relationship Pattern: List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group. List 2 potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group.They know their family members and have developed a mutual relationship based on what that person does for the child. Fears strangers Family is still important and plays a vital role in the child’s life, but there is an increasing desire to play with other children. Show affection to loved ones.Developing more friendships and relationships outside the family. Although family environment provides a sense of security that allows the child to cope. As they get older they take on responsibilities with the family and usually interact well with the family. At this age they understand their role within the family Tend to not like a new sibling coming into the family. May ask that the infant be takin away. Attaches to one parent and tends to cry if they leave or are left with other people. Those that have sensory or developmental issues usually play by themselves or do not show emotion towards anyone. Relate to older children and may not play well with children their own age. This group also can have sensory or developmental issues usually playing by themselves or show no emotions towards anyone. This age group if not given limitations or setting expected behavior can be at risk for problems. Sexuality – Reproductive Pattern: List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group. List two potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group.Genital exploration and masturbation is normal occurrence in the toddler. Becomes more curious about genital organs and may touch their genitalia during diaper change.Have gender awareness and they usually identify with their own gender. Develop curiosity towards the opposite gender. Develop breasts, pubic hair and other signs indicating there onset of puberty. Increased awareness of their body, its functioning and the need for sexual identity. Naturally curious about sex. May act inappropriately by touching themselves in front of others or may try and touch others. The parent needs to direct them to the appropriate behavior. If parents use cute words for describing the child’s genitals this could cause a potential problem. Using the correct words will not confuse the child. There could be a potential problem if the preschooler is teased about their interest in sexual information. The parent should give simple but accurate answers. Preschoolers might not like a certain gender. This may indicate possible negative body image or a struggle with his or her own gender identity.If the parent is unable to or unwilling to discuss sexual matters with them could cause a potential problem. This could result in unsafe sex if the wrong information is obtained from their friends. May dress inappropriately to get sexual attention. Pattern of Coping and Stress Tolerance: List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group. List wo potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group.Their temperament is the foundation for their ability to cope. They develop new ways to cope with each new stressor. Such as throwing temper tantrums or they may cling to their parent out of fear. They utilize the same coping mechanisms as the toddler, such as separation anxiety, regression, denial, repression and projection. May use a safety blanket or a doll as security.Coping mechanisms for school-age is the use of defense mechanisms, controlling behavior, use of repetition, humor and exercise. They also may cope with listening to music, talking to friends or engaging in sports or activities. Those that have a difficult temperament are less adaptable and have more moods that are negative. They may use aggressive behaviors such as kicking, or punching, or may regress to an earlier stage. These behaviors can be distressing to parents and cause them to feel ineffective in their roles. They also use regressive behavior as the toddler where they refuse to follow directions. This can include persistent tantrums. May become withdrawn, day dreaming behavior is normal or may indicate a sensory or developmental problem.Life stressors could include competition, homework, failure at home or school and decisions whether to cheat, steal or join a certain group of peers. Factors for at risk are depression including homelessness, death of a parent, divorce, hospitalization, chronic illness, and learning problems. This could lead to the child using drugs or alcohol or they may want to harm themselves or others. Pattern of Value and Beliefs: List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group. List two potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group.The toddler will respond with good behavior is given positive feed- back. Healthy behaviors are expressions of positive values and beliefs. These are learned. They learn family values and beliefs about what is right and wrong. Praise should be intermixed with adequate, controlled discipline. Preschoolers begin to demonstrate some internal controls over actions and behaviors. Preschoolers attend church, learn prayers and are taught religious beliefs from their caregivers. Cultural, religious and parental values influence the school-age child’s ethical and moral development. School-age children are able to make decisions related to moral and ethical issues. They know right from wrong. Parents may often only attend to toddlers when they are misbehaving. Caregivers do not use positive reinforcement and/or they do not discipline child for bad behavior. Preschoolers, like toddlers, lack fully developed consciences. Immaturity limits the consistency and effectiveness of internal controls. This may lead to rule breaking and disrespect to everyone around him or her. Peers or inappropriate content on television can negatively influence preschoolers.School-age children may bend to peer pressure in a negative way to â€Å"look good† for their peers. School-age children may frequently lie due to fantasy, exaggerations and  inaccurate understanding. Short Answer Questions Address the following based on the above assessment findings. Expected answers will be 1-2 paragraphs in length. Cite and reference outside sources used. 1)Compare and contrast identified similarities as well as differences in expected assessment across the childhood age groups. As a child moves from being a toddler through preschool to school-aged, they are faced with many challenges to overcome. Development growth, which is subject to the child’s environment and sphere of influential people and pressures in their lives, is directly shaped and guided by their family’s culture, religion and value/belief system. The differences are seen in how each developmental phase interacts and responds within each health assessment pattern. The toddler and preschool child need more structure and routine, whether it’s brushing their teeth, eating or bedtime rituals. School-aged children take the values and learned behaviors of being a toddler and build upon them as they move toward building their own self-concept and sense of identity. There are similarities as the children strive for autonomy and the ability to express themselves verbally. As the child continues to learn, they will develop an understanding of good behaviors and bad behaviors 2)Summarize how a nurse would handle physical assessments, examinations, education, and communication differently with children versus adults. Consider spirituality and cultural differences in your answer. When the nurse is caring for a child, the nurse must remember that they are essentially caring for two patients, the child and the parent (Jarvis, 2012). For a nurse, the assessment, examination and interaction with a child patient offer its own set of challenges and require a different approach  from that of an adult. When dealing the toddler and preschooler, the nurse should interact with the caregiver, giving the child the opportunity to see the nurse’s interaction with their caregiver. This allows the child to see that the caregiver has accepted and trusts the nurse. For the toddler and the preschooler, the parent will be providing most, if not all of the health history. With the pre-school-age population, they may be the sole source of important data to the history (Jarvis, 2012). The nurse should interview the child and caregiver together, and they should be present at all exams. With children of each stage of development, the nurse must be cognizant of verbal and non-verbal cues provided by the child. The nurse should be mindful that there could be cultural and/or spiritual considerations to take into account, like when undressing a child of the opposite sex. The nurse needs to ensure that the caregiver and the child feel comfortable with and during the interview, assessment, examination and educational/patient teaching phases of the visit. Strategies that the nurse might incorporate include awareness of the various developmental stages that children go through. When performing a physical assessment of a child the nurse should be at eye level. When talking to the child and explaining concepts the nurse should use simple language that they child can understand. The nurse should allow the child to hold instruments, like a stethoscope, during the physical exam to help them feel like they are involved in their own care. Sharing reading materials or media to look at can help divert their attention away from the nurse. References: Edelman, C., & Mandle, C., (2010). Health Promotion through the Life Span. 7th ed. St. Louis, MI: Mosby. Jarvis, C. (2012). Physical Examination & Health Assessment 6th ed. St. Louis, MI: Mosby.

Impact of Radio Advertisements on Buying Behavoiur of Customer

MEDI-CAPS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT (Affiliated to D. A. V. V, Indore) SYNOPSIS OF MAJOR RESEARCH PROJECT â€Å"THE IMPACT OF RADIO ADVERTISEMENTS ON BUYING BEHAVIOUR OF URBAN CUSTOMERS† GUIDED BY : SUBMITTED BY: Dr. DEEPAK TALWAR VISHAL CHAWLA [PhD, Assistant Professor] MITM MBA III-SEM, MITM CONTENTS 1. TITLE 2. INTRODUCTION 3. CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK 4. REVIEW OF LITRETURE 5. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 6.LIMITATIONS OF STUDY 7. BIBLIOGRAPHY. INTRODUCTION This study aims to analyze the impact of radio advertisements on urban customer towards buying behavior in retail stores and attempts to determine the role of radio advertising on broadcasting of information on the sales promotions. The impact of radio advertisements on the store choice and buying preferences are analyzed based on descriptive investigation. ADVERTISEMENT – The American Marketing Association defines advertising as â€Å"any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods an d services by an identified sponsor. The paid aspect of this definition reflects the fact that the space or time for an advertising message generally must be bought. The non personal component means that advertising involves mass media (e. g. radio, magazines, newspapers etc. ). Advertising is non-personal as it is not directed to any single individual. Secondly, the sponsor i. e. the manufacturer or producer is identified as his name and address is always contained in an advertisement and he also bears all the cost involved in the process.Thirdly, the producer can also promote an idea regarding quality, design, packing and pricing, etc. of any product or service. Thus, we can say, advertising consists of all activities involved in presenting a sponsored message regarding a product, service or an idea. RADIO – An electronic receiver that detects and demodulates and amplifies transmitted audio signals. RADIO ADVERTISEMENTS – It is the presentation and promotion of idea s, goods and services through radio as advertising medium.In radio there are short breaks during transmission of any programme which is filled by advertisements of products and services. Radio advertising is one of the tools of advertising which is effectively used for communication and positioning BUYING BEHAVIOUR – Buying Behavior is the decision processes and acts of people involved in buying and using products. In other words it is the process by which individuals search for information about the product , select, purchase, use, and dispose of goods and services, in satisfaction of their needs and wants. Radio is the most involving and powerful promotional medium.Radio’s ability to create dynamic promotional concepts, to build anticipation and generate excitement, to magnetize the audience and the exhilaration radio delivers for both audience and advertisers is unparalleled. Radio has made a comeback in the lifestyles of Indians. Radio has the reputation of being t he oldest and the cheapest medium of entertainment in India. The radio industry has been completely reshaped by the various private players that entered the sector after the government allowed foreign investment into the segment and opened the licenses to the private players .The Indian government has already given 338 licenses for FM radio channels in 91 big and small towns and cities. The current size of the radio market in India is Rs 300 crores and is expected to achieve the highest growth rate of 32 per cent in coming years. The quality of the sound and the music has improved significantly with the emergence and use of satellite radio. The audience profile has also shifted to the high-income group. Local advertising, lower amount of money spent by the companies to advertise on radio is an added attractiveness for the players.All India Radio (AIR) – the national service provider owned and operated by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting under the Government of Ind ia – is the largest player in the industry. Radio is an ideal media for marketing fast moving consumer goods because it can reach wide targeted listener demographics in urban territory. A large number of people listen to radio while traveling in urban areas and respond to the broadcast of various commercial messages. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKIt is a logical development, described and elaborated network of association amongst variables that has been identified through interviews, observation and literature survey. Identification of key variable is very important in every research study. It can be defined as:- â€Å"A variable is anything that takes different values† Dependent Variables – In my project, our depending variable is â€Å"Buying Behavior of Customer†. Independent Variable – In my project, independent variables are â€Å"frequencies of radio advertisements on air and purchasing pattern†.Intervening Variables – Willingness to buy. Extraneous Variables – â€Å"Sales tax† as sales tax has little effect on the buying behavior, so it can be ignored. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Bob Trowbridge Created on: October 27, 2009 In the research he examined that basic need which should be focused before spending money on any advertising campaign is to know your market. Who buys your product or uses your service? If you know the audience you need to reach, you are more than halfway to finding the proper radio advertising vehicle.It's not just the right radio station, but the right program. With some radio ads you can pay for a certain number of ads to run throughout the day (and night). Depending on the station, this can mean that your ad will be aired during music programming, talk radio, and or news segments. The ultimate feedback from your ads will be an increase in sales. But you don't want to risk your advertising money without having a pretty good idea of the success of your ads before the sales show up. Donal d pennington Created on: August 30,2007 People are good listeners always.That’s the reason that business promotion strategies via radio advertisement are globally accepting. With a well-timed ad, following immediately after a popular song, there's the psychological advantage of the consumer hearing a message while still in an â€Å"upbeat mood† from the previous song or maybe a funny joke from the DJ. So, most businesses placing an advertisement on the airwaves take the time to have anything from a special offer just for that campaign, or maybe a toll-free number in place for listeners to respond to in place before the ad campaign is even created Pornpitakpan and Tan, 2000Radio advertisements on sales promotions at retail stores are largely created with humor to add emotional value. Listeners perceive humor and develop attitude towards communication and the brand. The purchase intentions are higher for humorous advertisements containing moderate incongruity than those conveying message directly different levels of emotions such as warmth, love, longing and desire, happiness and amusement were elicited by different commercials of retail stores. The most memorable advertisements among radio listeners have been those that evoked the most positive feelings and were the best understood.However, need to acquire product significantly affect a person's interpretation and emotional experience of a commercial Radio advertisements drive consumers to remember messages differently in reference to the favorite jingle, program or music. Such beliefs of listeners help advertisement to stay atop of the mind and consumers unconsciously associate with it as a personally relevant information and have an enduring impact on their emotions. Short cycle radio advertising is developed to have an enduring emotional impact on an audience by facilitating their creation of personally relevant understandings of an advertisement.How to measure the impact of radio advertising c ampaigns Created on: June 02, 2007 Studies have shown that people are more receptive to what they hear, as opposed to what they see. In other words, radio advertising is often more effective than TV. Advertising TV ads are often seen as a distraction and a nuisance that always seems to appear at the worst possible time when you are watching your favorite show. However, it's been found that people find radio ads more acceptable because they are listening to the radio station they enjoy, and the feeling often carries on into the ads they hear.There are several ways to tell what impact your radio ad campaign is having. Fist of all, stations have a ranking system (through polls) that will rate the effectiveness of your campaign. Also, an increase in sales that corresponds with your campaign will also serve as an indicator RATIONALE OF THE STUDY The interest paid by the past researchers on the functions of radio advertising is considered as one reason of the study. As we know that advert isers ; marketers are more concerned to know what are the customer motive ; their purchasing pattern in order to use different trategies to influence customer behavior ; when we get our findings than we will give very fruitful suggestions to the marketing department of the organizations that we can increase their sale amongst the customers. RESERCH METHODOLOGY Objectives :- The study aim to see the effect of advertisement on consumer behavior by perusing the following objectives:- * To study the impact of radio advertisement on the buying behavior of customer. * To find out the receptivity of the advertisement due to appeal use in it. Research design:- DescriptiveHere in my research process, my purpose is to evaluate that what affects the customer buying behavior, which are the factors which influence the buying behavior, how radio advertisements affect the buying behavior of customer. So I can say that I am explaining an existing situation so our purpose of study is descriptive. Hy pothesis :- H1 – Radio advertisements drive positive effect on listeners towards determining store choice and buying probabilities. H0 – Radio advertisements do not drive positive effect on listeners towards determining store choice and buying probabilities.Sample Plan :- The data will be gathered from 50 individuals (sample size is 50). Each individual is chosen randomly and entirely by chance, such that each individual has the same probability of being chosen at any stage during the sampling process. Tools of data collection :- Primary data Structured questionnaire – For this study a self-explanatory questionnaire consisting of 15 fixed item responses was adopted along with the instructions. Questionnaire items contained informative queries about advertised brand and its consumption process. Secondary dataArticles , research papers, browsing internet Tools of data analysis :- After gathering the data, frequency, percentage and the mean will be used to analyze the collected data. LIMITATION OF THE STUDY Errors -Respondents’ Error – the bias of the respondents sometimes leads to wrong results. Also unwillingness to answer certain questions also bring in errors in the conclusion -Researchers’ Error ; Interviewer’s Error – sometimes the question can’t be properly put forward to the respondent by the interviewer and also he may be bias in a few cases. BIBLIOGRAPHY Research Methodology – C. R. Kothari, second edition, Wishwa prakashan. * Principles of Advertising – Monle Lee ; Carla Johnson, Viva books pvt. Ltd. * Effectivity of Radio Advertisement- Liezel Campbell. WEBLIOGRAPHY * http://www. helium. com/items/566995-how-to-measure-the-impact-of-radio-advertising-campaigns(Retrieved on 14. 03. 12). * http://sibresearch. org/uploads/2/7/9/9/2799227/rajagopal_wp-04-2010( Retrieved on 13. 03. 12) * http://www. emeraldinsight. com/journals. htm? issn=0959-0552;volume=39;issue=7;articleid=1931 055;show=html(Retrieved n 14. 03. 12).